SuperBytes

Powering the AI Revolution, Securely and Simply: Cisco and ServiceNow Join Forces The buzz around Artificial Intelligence (AI) is undeniable. Businesses across industries are recognizing its transformative potential, from boosting productivity to unlocking new levels of customer experience. However, navigating the complexities of AI adoption – particularly around security and operational efficiency – can feel like charting unknown territory. That's why the recent announcement of a strategic partnership between Cisco and ServiceNow is such significant news. These two industry giants are joining forces to simplify and secure the journey for enterprises embracing AI. From Jeetu Patel, EVP and Chief Product Officer, Cisco  “The integration of ServiceNow and Cisco AI Defense is game changing for enterprises – providing organizations with the confidence of a single source of truth for managing AI risks and compliance, even while models continuously evolve.”  “AI is unlocking new fro...

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connections progress through a series of states during their lifetime, from establishment to data transfer and finally to termination. These states define the current condition of the TCP connection and dictate how the connection responds to events and network conditions.    Connection Establishment (Three-Way Handshake): CLOSED : This is the initial state, representing no connection. The socket is not associated with any connection. LISTEN : The server is passively waiting for incoming connection requests (SYN packets) on a specific port. This is a passive open.     SYN-SENT : The client has sent a SYN (Synchronize) packet to the server to initiate a connection and is waiting for a SYN-ACK (Synchronize-Acknowledge) response. This is an active open.     SYN-RECEIVED : The server has received a SYN packet from the client and has sent back a SYN-ACK packet. It is now waiting for an ACK (Acknowledgement) from the client to e...

Ethernet refers to an entire family of standards. Some standards define the specifics of how to send data over a particular type of cabling, and at a particular speed of data transfer. Other standards define protocols, or rules, that the Ethernet nodes must follow to be a part of an Ethernet LAN. All these Ethernet standards come from the IEEE and include the number 802.3 as the beginning part of the standard name. Ethernet supports different types of Ethernet links given its long history over the last 50 or so years. It's range starts from 10 megabits per seconds (Mbps) up to 400 gigabits per seconds (Gbps). Cable standards also differ as far as the types and length of the cables. IEEE defines Ethernet physical layer standards using a couple of naming conventions. The formal name begins with 802.3 followed by some suffix letters. The IEEE also uses more meaningful shortcut names that identify the speed, as well as a clue about whether the cabling is UTP or fibre. 10BASE-T: Operat...

  The Titans Clash: A Look at the Top Mobile Processors The relentless march of mobile technology brings us faster, more efficient smartphones year after year, and at the heart of this evolution lies the System-on-a-Chip (SoC), the brains of your device. Nanoreview's latest SoC ranking offers a fascinating snapshot of the current performance landscape, and the top contenders are locked in a fierce battle for supremacy. Let's dive into what this intriguing list reveals. At the pinnacle, we see a tie for the top spot with a stellar rating of 98 and an A+ grade: the Dimensity 9400 Plus from MediaTek and the Snapdragon 8 Elite (Gen 4) from Qualcomm. This neck-and-neck competition highlights the incredible advancements both companies have made. The raw power on display is truly impressive. The Snapdragon 8 Elite (Gen 4) edges out the Dimensity 9400 Plus in AnTuTu 10 benchmark with a score of 2745854 compared to 2651570. However, the Geekbench 6 scores paint a slightly different pict...

Vodafone Idea Partners with Cisco to Revolutionize 4G and 5G Networks In the rapidly evolving world of mobile technology, staying ahead of the curve is not just an advantage—it’s a necessity. Vodafone Idea (Vi) , one of India’s leading telecommunications providers, has taken a significant leap forward by partnering with Cisco, the global leader in networking solutions. This collaboration is set to redefine the landscape of connectivity and digital experiences in India. Vodafone Idea (Vi) has partnered with Cisco to enhance its 4G and 5G network infrastructure. This collaboration involves deploying Cisco's advanced Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) -based transport network, which aims to improve network reliability, scalability, and efficiency. The upgraded infrastructure will enable Vi to manage high volumes of data traffic more effectively, resulting in faster and more stable internet connections for users. Powering Connectivity with Cisco’s MPLS Technology At the heart of thi...

 STP Spanning Tree Protocol Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) enables switches to become aware of other switches through the advertisement and receipt of bridge protocol data units (BPDUs). STP builds a Layer 2 loop-free topology in an environment by temporarily blocking traffic on redundant ports. STP operates by selecting a specific switch as the master switch and running a tree-based algorithm to identify which redundant ports should not forward traffic. Layer 2 Loop Avoidance with STP STP has multiple iterations: o   802.1D, which is the original specification o   Per-VLAN Spanning Tree (PVST) o   Per-VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (PVST+) o   802.1W Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) o   802.1S Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol (MST) Catalyst switches now operate in PVST+, RSTP, and MST modes. All three of these modes are backward compatible with 802.1D. ========================================================================= STP Port Stat...

 Virtual LANs (VLANs) :  In Computer Network, Router purpose is to shirk the Broadcast domains and provides the optimal network communication. The same think can be achieved in the switch by suing virtual LAN. VLANs provides logical segmentation by creating multiple broadcast domains on the same network switch. It also help in higher utilization of switch ports because a port can be associated to the necessary broadcast domain, and multiple broadcast domains can reside on the same switch. Host connected in one VLAN can not communicate with devices in a different VLAN via traditional Layer 2 or broadcast traffic. VLAN Packet : VLANs are defined in the institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.1Q standard, which states that 32 bits are added to the packet header in the following fields: Tag Protocol identifier (TPID) : This 16 bit is fiel set to 0x800 to identify the packet as an 802.1Q packet.  Priority code point (PCP) : This 3-bit field indicates a...

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